Arduino Uno Board

Introduction to Arduino Uno Board

The Internet of Things (IoT) begins with the ability to connect sensors, devices, and microcontrollers to collect and process data. One of the most popular microcontrollers for learning IoT and embedded systems is the Arduino Uno.

What is Arduino Uno?

Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P chip. It is widely used for beginner-level electronics, prototyping, and IoT projects because it is easy to program, affordable, and flexible.

With Arduino, we can read inputs (like a light sensor or button press) and turn them into outputs (like lighting an LED, running a motor, or sending data to the cloud).

Key Features of Arduino Uno

  • Microcontroller: ATmega328P

  • Operating Voltage: 5V

  • Input Voltage (recommended): 7V – 12V

  • Digital I/O Pins: 14 (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs)

  • Analog Input Pins: 6

  • Flash Memory: 32 KB

  • SRAM: 2 KB

  • EEPROM: 1 KB

  • Clock Speed: 16 MHz

  • USB Connection: Type-B cable for programming and power

Layout of the Arduino Uno

The board has several important parts:

  1. Power Pins (3.3V, 5V, GND, Vin) – used to power sensors and components.

  2. Digital Pins (0–13) – can read input (button/sensor) or give output (LED, buzzer).

  3. Analog Pins (A0–A5) – used for reading values from sensors like temperature or light.

  4. Reset Button – restarts the program running on the board.

  5. USB Port – connects to a computer for programming and power.

  6. Power Jack – for external power supply (battery or adapter).

  7. ICSP Pins – for advanced programming of the microcontroller.



Why Arduino Uno for IoT?

  • Beginner-friendly: Simple coding using Arduino IDE.

  • Huge community support: Lots of examples, tutorials, and libraries.

  • Low cost: Affordable for students and hobbyists.

  • Flexibility: Works with sensors, actuators, and wireless modules (like WiFi, Bluetooth).

Applications of Arduino Uno

  • Home automation (smart lights, fans, alarms)

  • Smart agriculture (soil moisture monitoring)

  • Weather stations (temperature, humidity sensors)

  • IoT-enabled devices (data logging to cloud)

  • Robotics (line-following robots, obstacle detection)

Getting Started in the Lab

In this lab, we will use Arduino Uno to:

  1. Understand the board and pin configuration.

  2. Write and upload simple programs (called sketches) using the Arduino IDE.

  3. Connect sensors and actuators for real-time applications.

  4. Build small IoT projects step by step.

✅ Tip: Always handle the board carefully, use the correct power supply, and double-check connections before uploading a program.


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